Characteristics of a Metropolitan

Characteristics of a Metropolitan ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to understand what Groningen appropriates as a mini-metropolis city. The first step is to find the meaning of the metropolis from a variety of sources, the second step of searching for data about Groningen and the third step is to compare between the two data. In the end is at a conclusion that the metropolis are not only associated with the factor number of population, area and economy of a city, but a related metropolis of a character which is owned by the city. So Groningen with all matters and functions and its ability to further develop its compliance is said to be a mini-metropolis city. Metropolis Characteristics Metropolitan is a term used to describe a relatively large urban area, both of the size of area, population, and the scale of economic and social activity. While the etymology, said metropolitan (noun) or metropolis (adjective) is derived from the Ancient Greek language, which the word meter means mother, and the word polis means city. (Wackerman, 2000) In general, the metropolitan can also be defined as a large residential center that consists of a large city and some in the surrounding area with one or more major cities that serve as a point of contact (hub) to the towns in the surrounding areas. A metropolitan area is an agglomeration of several settlements, settlements should not be the city, but the overall form a unity in nature activities and lead to the city center (a large city that is the core) that can be seen from the flow of labor and commercial activities. According Goheen (in Bourne, ed. 1971), City / Metropolitan District is an urban area with a population characteristic that stand out in comparison with the surrounding countryside. This term is used to give a more precise picture of the amount and concentration of the population in a large area, which in turn can show the magnitude of the centers of the main settlements in the country. In general, the metropolitan region can be defined as large, with economic and social unity integrated and characterize the activity of the city. The characteristics of the Metropolitan of several aspects such as the amount of population, economic activities, mobility, activities of the population, and the structure of the region. 1. The amount of the total population The magnitude of population becomes a major consideration in determining the aspects of the definition of a metropolitan. However, some urban experts set different limits for the determination of the minimum number of metropolitan area population. 2. Economic activity In the metropolitan area occurs agglomeration residential areas and jobs. That is, the metropolitan area is an urban area with a specializing in social and economic activities function. The economic specialization is the industrial and services sectors. Industrial activities and services is the dominant sector in the growing metropolitan region. Economic activities that take place in the metropolitan area is heterogeneous and has a role as a central / center of economic activities on a regional scale, both within the province or state and national scope. Growth and development of the urban economy are the driving factors behind the metropolitan and will continue to affect the prospects of the future metropolis. In fact, metropolitan anywhere carry out the functions of the national economy, which is a very significant contribution to the whole country. Metropolitan supposedly able to play a role and function in accordance with its share in national economic development. On the other hand, the role of the national economy must be balanced with the metropolitan economy comparable level and is able to also write a decent life for the citizens of the metropolitan community itself. Metropolitan should be able to create jobs and income level sufficient for people to be able to survive and even enjoy life in the metropolitan environment. The income levels are generally far exceeds the metropolitan cities and other areas as well as rural, and the main attraction for the current metropolitan population who are looking for work and a decent lif e. Surely there must be taken into account that the level of public spending in general metropolitan also much higher than the city and other areas. 3. Mobility of peoples activities One characteristic of the metropolitan area is shown in the form of ease of mobility by Angotti (1993) seen in 3 forms (Winarso et al, 2006), namely: a. Occupational mobility (mobility Employment), characterized by the ease with which people move workplace without having to move residence because of the many types and variations of jobs available. b. Housing Mobility (Residential Mobility), occurs in line with the mobility of the workplace. c. Mobility trip (Trip Mobility), occurs because of the mobility of the workplace and residence. 4. Structure Regions Broadly speaking there are two kinds of physical form metropolis that shapes the metropolis spread (dispersed) and the shape of the metropolis centered (concentrated). To spread the metropolis consists of the metropolis spreads and galactic metropolis. As for the centralized metropolis comprises centered metropolis, metropolitan and metropolitan ring star (jayadinata, 1986: 221-226). The Mini Metropolis There is a definition of a mini metropolis of Dr. Peter Kurz, where he was a major in Mannheim, Mannheim as the city he called mini-metropolis. Not because of its large size, not too big for its population, but because of Mannheim managed properly so that this city we can eat, live and work. Geographically, the city is located between two rivers, providing public transport links and good shopping center, and a center of culture, science, research and creativity. In other words, Dr. Peter Kurz said that in this town people can feel the balance of life and comfort of staying in Mannheim Groningen Characteristics Groningen is the main municipality as well as the capital city of the province in the Netherlands. Groningen is the largest city in northern Netherlands, so Groningen is the regional power of the northern Netherlands. When viewing a map of the Netherlands, it appears that groningen is downtown for northern Dutch region, and there are no other major city within a radius of about 150 kilometers from Groningen. Apart from being the capital of the province of Groningen is also a historical and geographical center of Groningen is also a center of trade since the end of the 15th century. The existence of the center of the city of Groningen Martini tower is a symbol of power and later with the establishment of the University of Groningen in 1614 with the development of the city of Groningen now has about 50,000 students (25% deari total population), it is seen that the Groningen become an important educational center for the Netherlands. In addition to being the city with a ratio of the number of students that a lot of the population, the city of Groningen also a leading city in terms of innovation, research development, and entrepreneurship Figure 1. Netherland Map (Steen, 2015) Population in Groningen Groningen as a province has a population of 579.036 residents, and as a Municipality of Groningen has a population of 189.991 residents, which means the city of Groningen has 33% of the total population in the province of Groningen (Steen, 2015). Table 1. composition of the population of the cities in netherland (Steen, 2015) 2000 2009 Amsterdam 731,288 (44,4%) 755,605 (49.5%) Rotterdam 592,673 (40,0%) 587,134 (46,9%) The Hague 441,094 (40,1%) 481,864 (47,3%) Utrecht 233,667 (29,8%) 299,891 (31,5%) Groningen 173,139 (16,5%) 184,227 (19,7%) Netherlands 15,863,950 (17.5%) 16.485.787 (19.9%) Note ( % ) = % of ‘allochtoon’ = 1 or more parents born abroad From the population compotition table, we can see that Groningen become the 5th largest city in population in cities in Netherland, although there is a significant difference in the population of western part of the Netherland city Economic activity According to data from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Netherlands is the 18th largest economy in the world in 2012. GDP per capita Approximately $ 43.404 makes netherland one of the richest countries in the world. Netherlands has a large natural gas reserves northern sea areas, but most of the production is from onshore wells and natural gas produced from the Groningen province, Consumption of natural gas in the Netherlands is only about 2/3 of its production, while the rest is exported. Netherlands is currently the fifth largest exporter of natural gas in the world. Figure 2. Largest Gas Fields In The World (http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/netherlands/exxonmobil-to-continue-to-tap-the- enormous-resources-at-the-slochteren-field-for-another-50-more-years) Employment Data Based on data up to April 2012, Groningen providing 135 537 jobs during the two years in which the growth 3010 = 2.3%. And Groningen has 15 909 firms, with over 2 years experience growth in 1417 = 9.8%. This shows that Groningen has good economic growth in terms of the number of jobs available. According to data from 2009 recorded that the ratio of the number of people who work for 1000 residents, Groningen ranks 3rd in the Netherlands the number of 730 jobs per 1,000 residents. This means th culture/recreationat is above the national average of 490 jobs per 1,000 Netherland resident Tabel 2. Employment Growth per-Sector 2009 – 2011 (Steen, 2015) Employment Growth 2009- 2011 agriculture 0.10% industry 5.20% utilities 2.30% ++ construction 4.30% trade 12.30% restaurants, hotels 4.20% transport, communication 8.00% finance 1.50% business services 18.40% + government 8.80% education 9.90% + health 20.70% culture/recreation 4.50% + Mobility of peoples activities The city of Groningen has been recognized as a Word Cycling City, this is because 57% of trips in the city is done by using a bicycle vehicle. Transport infrastructure in the city has been designed well so convenient for cyclists. In 2000, Groningen was elected as Fiedsstad 2002 The Top Bike City of The Netherlands for 2002. The transport system in the city center provides priorities for bicycles and pedestrians, by making traffic cirlulation prohibiting private vehicles into the inner city, inner city divided by 4 zones A, B, C, D. So that private vehicles can not be moved from zone A to B through the middle of town but directed at the ring road towards the road first. so although the distance A to B near as be felt far as having to turn first. Rail: Groningen has three train stations, namely station Groningen, There are three stations in Groningen, Groningen Europapark and Groningen Noord. The main train station has regular services to almost all major cities in the Netherlands (served by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and Arriva) as well as other European cities. Bus: Groningen has inter-city bus transportation and inter-state bus which flies to several cities in the Netherlands and Germany. It also has a special bus transportation routes within the city groningen that connects several areas in the city groningen CONCLUSION There are diverse opinions of experts on the definition and characteristics of a metropolis, where many describe as a city with a high population and high-income economy, with pomp owned a city. Groningen, with a population of only about 200,000 residents but has a soul and spirit as a mini-metropolis city, Why a mini metropolis, not as a metropolis? I think this is just a comparison of size alone. Groningen has a very compact design and the city continues to grow but never leave its cohesiveness. As a cultural center, education center and a regional economic center in the northern Netherlands, with all its facilities and functions, Groningen has played a role as an attractive city, good for work, interesting place to visit, and certainly comfortable place to live. If I may suggest, I would say that the Groningen like a towering lighthouse and shining brightly, illuminating the surrounding areas. References http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/netherlands/exxonmobil-to-continue-to-tap-the-enormous-resources-at-the-slochteren-field-for-another-50-more-years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands http://www.cbs.nl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen http://gemeente.groningen.nl/ https://www.scribd.com/doc/50565637/The-city-of-Groningen-has-been-described-as-a-mini-metropolis-Is-this-justifiable http://www.cityoftalent.nl/ http://www.ob-peter-kurz.de/data/minimetropolis.pdf

Placebo and Justinus :: Papers

Placebo and Justinus After discussing the dangers and advantages of marrying young women, January asks friends for advice. Placebo [Latin, "I will please"] flatters him, telling him he is right to marry a young woman. Justinus [L. "just one"] warns him of the dangers he risks and counsels him not to marry, based on his own experience as a married man. January does what he wants, in the end, and suffers for it. Their speeches are almost a little play about bad and good advice. Are they played for satiric/comic effect, or do they seem to tend toward tragedy? Especially note the way January responds to their advice (IV.1566-1571). January then discussed his problem with his friends and expressed his desire to marry a very young maiden of not more than twenty years old. This led to a great debate and a dispute between the Knight’s brothers named Placebo and Justinus. While Placebo told January to take his own decision without taking anybody’s opinion into consideration, Justinus counseled against marriage since women are fickle. January then decided to get married. January, wished to have a young wife of no older than thirty, for a young wife would be more pliable, but Placebo warned him that it takes great courage for such an aged man to take a young wife. He warned him of the misery that can come from taking a wife, for she could be shrewish or a drunkard, facts that a husband will not learn until well into the marriage. Despite the common opinion that Placebo has a wonderful wife, he knows what faults she has. They argue about the merits of marriage, with Placebo predicting that January will not please his wife for more than three years, but Placebo eventually assents to January's plan. January finally decided to take a young and pretty wife, foolishly believing that nobody would find fault with his choice. He spoke to Placebo and his friends about his choice, praising his intended wife. January, however, worries that a man who finds

Objectives of Firms Essay

Standard theory assumes that businesses have sufficient information, market power and (importantly) motivation to set prices for their products that maximise profits This assumption is now heavily criticised by economists who have studied the organisation and objectives of modern-day corporations. Not only do most businesses frequently move away from pure profit-seeking behaviour, many are organised and operated in a way where profit is not the only objective. Key Point: There will always be a range of business objectives: 1. Profit maximisation (where MR=MC) 2. Revenue maximisation (sales revenue) – where MR=zero 3. Increasing and protecting market share 4. Surviving an economic downturn / recession 5. Pursuing ethical business objectives (corporate social responsibility) 6. Providing a public service – see later sections on nationalised (state-owned) industries Why might a business depart from profit maximisation? Some explanations relate to the lack of accurate information required to set profit maximising prices. Others concentrate on the alternative objectives of businesses. Imperfect information: It might be hard for a business to pinpoint their profit maximising output, as they cannot accurately calculate marginal revenue & cost. Day-to-day pricing decisions are taken on the basis of â€Å"estimated demand† or â€Å"rules of thumb†. A business might look to add a profit margin on top of average cost – â€Å"cost-plus pricing†. Multi-product businesses: Most businesses are multi-product firms operating in a range of markets across countries and continents – the volume of information that they have to handle can be vast. And they must keep track of the ever-changing preferences of consumers. The idea that there is a neat, single profit maximising price is redundant. Behavioural Theories of the Firm Behavioural economists believe that large-scale businesses are complex organizations made up of various stakeholders – i.e. groups who have a vested interest in the activity of a business. Examples include: Managers employed by a business and other employees Shareholders – people who have an equity stake in a business Customers The government and it’s agencies including local government Each group is likely to have different objectives or goals at points in time. The dominant group at any moment can give greater emphasis to their own objectives – for example price and output decisions may be taken at a local level by managers – with shareholders taking only a distant and imperfectly informed view of the company’s performance and strategy. If firms are likely to move away from pure profit maximising behaviour, what are the alternatives? 1. Satisficing behaviour is a term first coined by economist Hugo Simon – when faced with a decision where the cost of identifying and pursuing the optimal choice is high. For business owners this might mean moving away from pure profit maximisation and choosing instead to aim for minimum acceptable levels of achievement in terms of revenue and profit. 2. Sales Revenue Maximisation The objective of maximising sales revenue rather than profits was developed by William Baumol whose work focused on the behaviour of manager-controlled businesses. Baumol argued that annual salaries and perks are linked to total sales revenue rather than profits. Companies geared towards maximising revenue are likely to make extensive use of price discrimination to extract extra revenue and profit from consumers. A firm might also aim to maximise sales revenue rather than profits because it wishes to deter the entry of new firms. If a firm decides to aim to maximise sales revenue rather than profits, one of the consequences might be a reduction in the price of the firm’s shares 3. Managerial Satisfaction model An alternative view was put forward by Oliver Williamson (1981), who developed the concept of managerial satisfaction (or managerial utility). This can be enhanced by raising sales revenue. Assuming that the firm’s costs remain the same, a firm will choose a lower price and supply a higher output when sales revenue maximisation is the main objective. The profit maximising price is P1 at output Q1, the revenue maximising price is P2 at output Q2 Consumer surplus is higher with sales revenue maximisation because output is higher and price is lower. Producer surplus is greater when profits are maximised. Social Entrepreneurs Michael Porter – Shared Value and the Limitations of CSR Narrow views about how to create profit has created disconnect between businesses and society and needs to change according to Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter. â€Å"A growing number of companies known for their hard-nosed approach to business—such as GE, Google, IBM, Intel, Johnson & Johnson, Nestlà ©, Unilever, and Wal-Mart—have already embarked on efforts to create shared value by looking again at the intersection between society and corporate performance.† Shared value is creating economic value by creating social value In recent times, creating value has tended to focus on short-termist thinking – Businesses have been long on driving huge sales and output volumes, downsize and de-layering inefficient management and generally responding to pressure from financial markets to deliver immediate results through cost-cutting, dynamic pricing and increasingly tough marketing that can often persuade people to buy things that are not good for them. This involves a recalibration and a rethinking about what a product really is and what needs a business is meeting, for example in the food industry, products that are nutritious and healthy rather than focus on volume, lower unit costs and higher profits. He notes to increasing prominence of social entrepreneurs with revenue generating business models. Consumers looking at the world differently and expressing their preferences in strong ways – this is already having a direct effect on supermarket behaviour. A social enterprise is a business that has social objectives whose profits are reinvested for that purpose in the business or the community, rather than being driven by the need to seek profit to satisfy investors. Social entrepreneurs are looking to achieve social and environmental aims Not for Profit Businesses These are charities, community organisations that are run on commercial lines e.g. Network Rail: Network Rail: Their stated purpose is to deliver a safe, reliable and efficient railway for Britain They employ over 35,000 people with annual staff costs in excess of  £1.6bn It is a company limited by guarantee – whose debts are secured by the government Network Rail operates as a commercial business and regulated by the Office of Rail Regulation Network Rail is a â€Å"not-for-dividend† company – profits are invested in the railway network. Train operating companies (TOCs) pay Network Rail for use of the rail infrastructure They are given targets for punctuality and safety In 2011 Network Rail made profits of  £750 million. It receives an annual subsidy from the UK government in excess of  £5 billion. Businesses required to main a loss-making service A good example here is the Royal Mail which is required to maintain a universal national postal delivery service throughout the UK for a uniform price. Household mail makes a loss, cross-subsidised by business mail – although this market is shrinking for the Royal Mail because of the introduction of fresh competition from 2006. The Post Office Ltd is a subsidiary of the Royal Mail Group plc – it runs substantial losses on the network or rural post offices and has been under great pressure to close hundreds of offices to stem losses.

Oratorical Piece - 5665 Words

ORATORICAL PIECE I am a Juan dela Cruz. I am a fighter by blood and a believer by heart. I live in a freecountry. Although I may have a small voice, I have a big dream—a dream to master the artof spear.To our distinguished members of the board of judges, to my equally competent contenders,to all our keen visitors, ladies and gentlemen, good morning.To live in a multi-faceted and vast word of globally competent people is to let a Juandela Cruz abide by the rule of the jungle that is the survival of the fittest and theelimination of the unfit.In order to survive, Juan must master the art of spear—the spear that will make himinvincible, the spear that will help him emerge as king, the spear that is known today asEnglish Proficiency.But what†¦show more content†¦I am a fighter by blood and a believer by heart. I live in a freecountry. Although I may have a small voice, I have a big dream—a dream to master the artof spear. Good morning! Oratorical Piece: Dirty Hands I’m proud of my dirty hands. Yes, they are dirty. And they are rough and knobby and calloused. And I’m proud of the dirt and the knobs and the calluses. I didn’t get them that way by playing bridge or drinking afternoon tea out of dainty cups, or playing the well-advertised Good Samaritan at charity balls. I got them that way by working with them, and I’m proud of the work and the dirt. Why shouldn’t I feel proud of the work they do – these dirty hands of mine? My hands are the hands of plumbers, of truck drivers and street cleaners; of carpenters; engineers, machinists and workers in steel. They are not pretty hands, they are dirty and knobby and calloused. But they are strong hands, hands that make so much that the world must have or die. Someday, I think, the world should go down on its knees and kiss all the dirty hands of the working world, as in the days long past, armored knights would kiss the hands of ladies fair. I’m proud of my dirty hands. The world has kissed such hands. The world will always kiss such hands. Men and women put reverent lips to the hands of Him who held the hammer and the saw and the plane. His weren’t prettyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Pentadic Analysis of the Statue of Liberty519 Words   |  3 Pagesscene; What is the history behind the act? The third category of Burkes Pentad is the agent; Who is the source of the message? How the agent accomplishes its act is defined as the agency in the fourth term of the Pentad. The final piece to Burkes analysis is to the define the purpose of the action. 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